Factors Affecting High School Teachers' Attitudes Towards Online Teaching

The transition to distance learning during COVID-19 has completely overturned the teaching-learning way of the world's education system. Based on the technology acceptance model, this study was conducted to explore what factors might affect the teachers' attitudes toward the online teaching regime. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze data drawn from high school teachers in Vietnam. The findings presented that the perceived usefulness of digital teaching was the most fundamental determinant of teachers' attitudes and played a mediating role in linking the perceived ease of use to attitude. As an external factor, school assistance was significantly associated with both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, which provides facilitating conditions to ensure successful adoption of online teaching. Age and teaching experience also had a significant influence on external assistance and teachers' attitudes, respectively. This investigation sheds light on promoting digital transformation in the education sector in Vietnam and other countries.

Comparison of Resilience Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemics: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey in Southeast Asian Jurisdictions.

Objectives: To examine the level of resilience among the frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) in four different Southeast Asian jurisdictions and identify the potential factors that may enhance healthcare workers resilience. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was carried out among 3,048 eligible healthcare workers in Hong Kong, Nepal, Vietnam, and Taiwan from May 2021 to July 2022, and information on individual resilience, socio-demographic characteristics, organizational supports, and personal exposures were collected. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that were associated with a high resilience level. Results: The resilience score was the highest among healthcare workers of Vietnam, followed by Taiwan and Hong Kong, with Nepal scoring the lowest. Participants with old age, part-time work, higher education level, more satisfaction with workplace policy, better organizational supports, and fewer COVID-specific worries were associated with higher resilience. Healthcare workers who were satisfied with the overall organizational policy support had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.25-1.76) for a high resilience level. Conclusion: Implementing satisfying organizational policies and establishing supportive work environments for frontline healthcare workers can increase individual resilience and organizational stability.

Telepharmacy: A Systematic Review of Field Application, Benefits, Limitations, and Applicability During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: Telepharmacy is widely known as the delivery of pharmacy care offered by registered pharmacists and pharmacies using telecommunication technologies to patients at a distance. We conducted a systematic review of the reported usages, benefits, and limitations of telepharmacy models worldwide to further clarify the pros and cons of a telepharmacy model. Methods: A total of 39 relevant articles was included after searching for articles with a fixed term on four databases, including PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Global Health Library (GHL), and Google Scholar, as of April 2021. Results: Our review suggested that telepharmacy has played an essential role in addressing pharmacist shortages and helping patients both safely and effectively administer medications in underserved areas. During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote dispensing and counseling are effective measures to avoid infection. Conclusion: Telepharmacy could potentially replace or complement pharmaceutical-related activities, facilitating future innovation in the health care industry.

Structural basis for a conserved neutralization epitope on the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2.

Antibody-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We isolated a panel of neutralizing anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies elicited upon natural infection and vaccination and showed that they recognize an immunogenic patch on the internal surface of the core RBD, which faces inwards and is hidden in the "down" state. These antibodies broadly neutralize wild type (Wuhan-Hu-1) SARS-CoV-2, Beta and Delta variants and some are effective against other sarbecoviruses. We observed a continuum of partially overlapping antibody epitopes from lower to upper part of the inner face of the RBD and some antibodies extend towards the receptor-binding motif. The majority of antibodies are substantially compromised by three mutational hotspots (S371L/F, S373P and S375F) in the lower part of the Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 RBD. By contrast, antibody IY-2A induces a partial unfolding of this variable region and interacts with a conserved conformational epitope to tolerate all antigenic variations and neutralize diverse sarbecoviruses as well. This finding establishes that antibody recognition is not limited to the normal surface structures on the RBD. In conclusion, the delineation of functionally and structurally conserved RBD epitopes highlights potential vaccine and therapeutic candidates for COVID-19.

Comparison of Resilience Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemics: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey in Southeast Asian Jurisdictions

Objectives: To examine the level of resilience among the frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) in four different Southeast Asian jurisdictions and identify the potential factors that may enhance healthcare workers resilience. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was carried out among 3,048 eligible healthcare workers in Hong Kong, Nepal, Vietnam, and Taiwan from May 2021 to July 2022, and information on individual resilience, socio-demographic characteristics, organizational supports, and personal exposures were collected. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that were associated with a high resilience level. Results: The resilience score was the highest among healthcare workers of Vietnam, followed by Taiwan and Hong Kong, with Nepal scoring the lowest. Participants with old age, part-time work, higher education level, more satisfaction with workplace policy, better organizational supports, and fewer COVID-specific worries were associated with higher resilience. Healthcare workers who were satisfied with the overall organizational policy support had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.25–1.76) for a high resilience level. Conclusion: Implementing satisfying organizational policies and establishing supportive work environments for frontline healthcare workers can increase individual resilience and organizational stability.

Spatiotemporal trends and impact of Covid-19 lockdown on eight sewage contaminants in Brisbane, Australia, from 2012 to 2020.

This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal trends and impact of COVID-19 lockdowns to the profile of physiochemical parameters in the influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around Brisbane, Australia. One 24-hr composite influent sample was collected from 10 WWTPs and analyzed for a range of physiochemical parameters per week (i.e., chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia, volatile suspended solid (VSS)) and per month (i.e., Ni and Cr) from 2012 to 2020, including the period of COVID-19 lockdowns in the region. The catchments studied were urban, with a mix of domestic and industrial activities contributing towards the contaminant profile. Statistical analysis identified that industrial and commercial land use, as well as population size had a large impact to the parameter loads and profile. Per capita mass loads of Cr in one catchment were 100 times higher than in others from one industrial point source. TP demonstrated a potential monotonic decrease over time due to practical reduction policies that have been implemented for phosphorous content in household detergents, except for one catchment where trade waste from food manufacturing industries contributed to an overall increase of 6.9%/year TP. The COVID-19 lockdown (March-April 2020) posed different impact on different catchments, either decrease (7-61%) or increase (2-40%) of most parameter loads (e.g., COD, TOC, TN, TP, VSS, Ammonia), which was likely driven by catchment characteristics (i.e., the proportion of residential, commercial, and industrial land uses). This study enhances our understanding of spatiotemporal trend of contaminants in the catchments for further effective source control.

Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: report of two cases from Vietnam.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 and since then it has spread to almost every country around the world. Vaccines against COVID-19 are considered an essential measure to curb this pandemic. However, side effects, including local and systemic reactions, after administering the COVID-19 vaccine have been defined, and some side effects have been reported. We present two cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford- AstraZeneca). Both cases were admitted to the 108 Military Central Hospital, Vietnam, and received plasmapheresis therapy with satisfactory recovery after treatment.

Social capital in agribusiness: an exploratory investigation from a supply chain perspective during the COVID-19 crisis

Purpose>The COVID-19 pandemic has badly affected the global economy. The use of social capital as a resource to diversify agribusiness to get more customers and improve the agricultural supply chain is a considerable issue to explore. This study aims to develop a comprehensive measurement of social capital and examine its effect on the intention to diversify agribusiness. From a supply chain perspective, it uses theory of planned behavior (TPB) and resource-based view (RBV).Design/methodology/approach>The study uses a mixed-methods approach. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions and surveys are used. Structural equation modeling on a sample of 465 respondents in Vietnam was employed to examine the hypothesized relationships.Findings>An integrative measurement scale of social capital from an agricultural supply chain perspective is suggested. The study also shows significant causal relationships amongst social capital, motives, TPB's determinants and the intention to diversify agribusinesses in light of supply chain perspectives.Originality/value>The study offers a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge in the literature on social capital, motives, TPB, RBV and supply chain perspectives. The study was executed in Vietnam, where most farmers are smallholders, family business owners or micro-scale entrepreneurs in agriculture.

COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness and Related Factors Among Health Care Workers in 3 Southeast Asian Jurisdictions.

Importance: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is widespread and may lead to refusal or delay of vaccination, eventually reducing the overall vaccination coverage rate and vaccine effectiveness. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination among health care workers (HCWs) is diverse across different jurisdictions. Objective: To assess the COVID-19 vaccine willingness among HCWs in 3 Southeast Asian jurisdictions in the context of pandemic severity and vaccination policy. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among frontline HCWs in Hong Kong, Nepal, and Vietnam from May to November 2021. Eligible participants were nurses and doctors aged 18 and older, working in public or private health care settings on a full-time or part-time basis. Exposures: The COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination policy. Main Outcomes and Measures: COVID-19 vaccination willingness was defined as HCW willingness toward receiving the COVID-19 vaccine in full course or the first dose of the vaccine, and willingness to take the second dose. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, the history of seasonal influenza vaccination, attitudes toward vaccination, and opinions on strategies associated with vaccination uptake from the study participants. Results: Among the 3396 eligible doctors and nurses who participated in the survey, 2834 (83.4%) were from Hong Kong, 328 (9.7%) were from Nepal, and 234 (6.9%) were from Vietnam. Most respondents were female (76.2% [2589 ]), aged 30 to 39 years (31.2% [1058]), and nurse HCWs (77.6% [2636]); the response rates were 11% (2834 of 25 000) in Hong Kong, 36% (328 of 900) in Nepal, and 13% (234 of 1800) in Vietnam. Overall, the prevalence rate of willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine was highest in Nepal (95.4% [313 of 328]), followed by Vietnam (90.6% [212 of 234]), and lowest in Hong Kong (54.4% [1542 of 2834]), relating to their different attitudes and opinions toward the COVID-19 vaccination, and the pandemic severity and vaccination policy in the 3 jurisdictions. Doctors were more willing to take COVID-19 vaccination than nurses (odds ratio, 5.28; 95% CI, 3.96-7.04). Older age (odds ratios, 1.39-3.70), male gender (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.11-1.75), higher educational level (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.17-1.87), and having seasonal influenza vaccination uptake history (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.82-2.54) were found to be associated with increased willingness. Choice of vaccination brand with adequate information, immunity passport, time off from work for vaccination and subsidy for travel to inconvenient vaccination centers were considered as strategies to enhance vaccine willingness. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study, vaccination unwillingness existed among HCWs in Southeast Asian regions, especially in Hong Kong. The findings of this study may have utility in the formulation of vaccination promotion strategies such as vaccination incentives. Attitudes toward vaccination in HCWs might be examples for the general population; however, changes over time should be further investigated.

Integrating Citizens' Importance-Performance Aspects into Sustainable Plastic Waste Management in Danang, Vietnam

Plastic pollution is a matter of deep concern that requires an urgent and international response, involving stakeholders at all levels. The rapid increase of single-use plastic and medical waste, especially in the context of COVID-19, has caused a drastic progression in the plastic pollution crisis on a global scale. To identify an efficient plastic waste management (PWM) system to tackle this major environmental problem, this study adopted importance-performance analysis and used logistic regression to identify key factors affecting citizens' behavior to participate in PWM strategies in Vietnam. The results indicate that while the importance of all PWM solutions was considered to be high, their performance was rated at a low level, implying a sizable gap between perceived importance and performance of eleven solutions for PWM. The findings also show that solutions such as 'offering zero-waste lifestyle seminars to citizens';, 'having community engagement';, 'using eco-friendly products';, and 'imposing a ban on single-use plastics';are useful for the development of an effective environmental policy. Furthermore, it was found that the following characteristics have a significant influence on citizens' participation in PWM solutions: (1) gender, (2) education level, (3) residential area, (4) employment status, and (5) citizens' awareness and behavior towards plastic reduction. This study is expected to provide theoretical and empirical evidence for policymakers and authorities who are in charge of promulgating the necessary mechanisms and policies to promote the socialization of PWM.

Effect of social capital on agribusiness diversification intention in the emerging market

PurposeCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the global economy. How agribusinessmen are overcoming this crisis is being noticed in emerging markets. Using social capital to diversify agribusiness for getting more customers is a useful solution for the growth of agribusiness. However, there is a lack of evidence on the aggregate measurement scale of social capital and the influence of behavioral goals on the intention toward agribusiness diversification. Therefore, this study aims to develop an integrated measurement of social capital and investigate its effect on agribusiness diversification intention using the expanded theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach is used, including four in-depth interviews, three focus group discussions and two surveys. Structural equation modeling is applied to a sample of 484 respondents to test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe study shows the role of social capital in influencing the intention to diversify agribusiness under the premises of the resource-based view (RBV). The scale of social capital is also developed, which is the first integrated measurement of this asset. The findings contribute significantly to the existing knowledge of social capital, the TPB and diversifying agribusiness.Originality/valueThis is the first study to explore the comprehensive effect of the facets of social capital on behavioral intention through behavioral goals and determinants of the TPB under the premises of the RBV. The findings will help emerging economies, for example, Vietnam, where most farmers are family business owners or microscaled entrepreneurs in agriculture.

Who Influences the Public Intention to Get a COVID-19 Vaccine and What are the Public References and Concerns? A Population Survey in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine acceptance is influenced by the trusted recommenders. This survey examined the public references, concerns, and trust in seven groups of recommenders regarding COVID-19 vaccine in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1,579 participants between April 16 and July 16, 2021. Participants' references, concerns, and responses to vaccination recommendations made by government officials, employers, physicians, nurses, pharmacists, senior family members, and religious leaders were captured using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Rates of trust ranged from 18.5% to 89.1%. The highest rates were attributable to government (89.1%) and physicians (85.9%). Less than half of participants would accept the vaccines if pharmacists (45.5%), nurses (44.7%), employers (42.4%), senior family members (28.1%), and religious leaders (18.4%) recommended it. Only 37.6% of participants thought that vaccines were safe for them, while 57% were unsure. Most participants would wait and see how people respond to the vaccines before getting vaccinated (91.5%), preferred to receive the vaccines at public hospitals (88.6%), and were concerned about vaccine effectiveness (86.9%) and side effects (76.4%), while 61.8% were concerned about vaccine cost. CONCLUSION: Focusing on the personal benefit and relying on the government, physicians, and social role models would make the vaccine advertising campaigns more effective. If annual vaccinations were needed, providing the community with affordable vaccines would be an appropriate, long-term solution to ensure vaccination coverage in low-resource countries like Vietnam. Further studies are needed to examine reasons for the public reference of vaccination centers which may help in improving their confidence in getting the vaccine, regardless of the settings.

Evaluating COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A qualitative study from Vietnam.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vaccine hesitancy is a major threat to COVID-19 vaccination programs. This study aimed to examine the public attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines, the variance of these attitudes, and associated determinants within a large COVID-19 outbreak in Vietnam. METHODS: Two focus group discussions were conducted online with 20 people from different socio-economic and profession backgrounds. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Key themes were extracted using reflexive thematic analysis method. RESULTS: Four distinct, non-static attitudes including acceptance, conditional acceptance, hesitancy, and anti-vaccination were found. Themes identified as determinants of these attitudes were external factors, internal factors, and risk-benefit self-assessment regarding COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: We found mixed, non-static COVID-19 vaccination attitudes. People's vaccination risk-benefit self-assessment greatly determines the variance of their attitudes over time. Given high public trust in the authorities, the government should take the lead to counter COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. To increase acceptance, vaccine advertising campaigns should focus on providing information about the dangers of COVID-19, the ability to manage side-effects at the vaccination centers, and updated, precise information on both the outbreak and vaccines. Future research is needed to identify the public most common COVID-19 information channels to enable effective community education.

Assessment of Hand Hygiene Practices of University Students in Vietnam Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brief Report.

OBJECTIVE: Effective handwashing practices help prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study examined the knowledge, frequency, and characteristics of handwashing practices among Vietnamese university students. METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all students enrolling at Phenikaa University in Vietnam. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect information on the participants' knowledge regarding the effectiveness of handwashing as a COVID-19 preventive measure, the moments for hand hygiene, the most appropriate practices in different situations, and frequency. RESULTS: Among 728 study participants, 460 (63.2%) were from health-related faculties. Almost (97.9%; 713/728) all participants knew that handwashing could protect against the spread of infection, but less than half performed handwashing often in a normal day (47.4%; 345/728), after sneezing or coughing (48.9%; 356/728), and 7.4% (54/728) only washed hands when hands are visibly dirty. Health students used alcohol-based handrub in all situations, including those requiring handwashing with water and soap (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of handwashing among study participants are high, but actual practices of handwashing are suboptimal. It is crucial to improve community education to help reinforce correct hand hygiene behaviors, including when to wash hands and which method should be used.

How Does Environmental Interpretation Affect Psychological Well-Being? A Study Conducted in the Context of COVID-19

The COVID-19 crisis has challenged and generated severe impact on the global society, economy, and environment. Under this pandemic context, governments and organizations around the world have issued and strengthened environmental policies and regulations to protect the environment and human health. However, the extant knowledge about how people’s interpretation of environmental policies and regulations influence their psychological well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is still limited. This study, therefore, investigates the impact of environmental interpretation on psychological well-being with the mediating role of environmentally responsible behavior and the moderating role of psychological contract violation. Using the data from a large sample of 960 residents in China, results of structural equation modeling show a positive relationship between environmental interpretation and psychological well-being, and this relationship is mediated by environmentally responsible behavior. Notably, psychological contract violation has a moderating effect on the indirect effect of environmental interpretation on psychological well-being via environmentally responsible behavior. These findings have several important implications for policymakers in environmental sustainability and pandemic planning.

The Levels of COVID-19 Related Health Literacy among University Students in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Vietnam is among the few countries that were successful in the fight against the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, subsequent domestic outbreaks of COVID-19 continue to occur. To sharp the community education program to guarantee the final success in the fight against COVID-19 in Vietnam and comparable countries, we examined the levels of COVID-19 knowledge and associated predictors among university students in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on all students enrolling at Phenikaa University using a self-developed questionnaire consisted of 20 questions regarding COVID-19's risk factors, transmission routes, symptoms, and prevention. RESULTS: Among 728 participants, 40.9% were male, 63.2% studied health-related majors, and 18.1% lived alone. Correct response rates ranged from 25.3% to 98.9% across 20 questions. Only 51.9% (378/728) of participants had good knowledge levels. Studying health majors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.547, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.398 - 0.751, P <0.001), and living with the seniors (AOR 0.612, 95% CI 0.389 - 0.963, P = 0.034) or with friends (AOR 0.405, 95% CI 0.252 - 0.650, P <0.001) were negatively associated with a poor level of COVID-19 knowledge. CONCLUSION: The proportion of university students having good knowledge levels is suboptimal. It is essential to improve the quality of COVID-19 education with a more focus on not only the preventive measures, but also the disease itself. More studies are needed to improve the level of COVID-19 knowledge among those living alone or do not study health-related majors.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Face Mask Use Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst University Students in Vietnam.

Although Vietnam has been successful in the fight against the first wave of COVID-19, domestic outbreaks have continued to occur. Given university students constitute a significant proportion of the population in Vietnam, to improve the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Vietnam and comparable countries, we examined their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards face mask use which is an important preventive measure and the association between the levels of COVID-19 knowledge and KAP towards face mask use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on all students studying at Phenikaa University, Hanoi, using a self-developed questionnaire consisted of 42 questions regarding KAP towards face mask use as well as reuse of cloth mask, and COVID-19 knowledge. Among 728 participants, 40.9% (298/728) were male, 63.2% (460/728) were from health-related faculties, 46% (335/728) lived in urban areas, and 51.9% (378) had good levels of COVID-19 knowledge. Regarding face mask, most (89.7%, 653/728) participants had good knowledge scores, 72.8% (530/728) had positive attitudes, and 76.5% (557/728) had good practice scores. The most common types of masks used were surgical mask (57.6%, 419/728), followed by non-antibacterial cloth mask (23.1%, 168/728). Among 168 participants using non-antibacterial cloth mask, 43.5% reused masks (73/168), of whom 6.8% (5/73) did not wash their masks at least daily. Face mask use knowledge was statistically associated with COVID-19 knowledge (P < 0.001). Face mask use attitudes were statistically associated with education levels (P = 0.02), and COVID-19 knowledge (P < 0.001). Practice of face mask use was statistically associated with gender (P = 0.03), geographical distribution (P = 0.04), academic majors (P = 0.02), and COVID-19 knowledge (P = 0.01). The levels of KAP towards face mask use among Vietnamese university students are high. It is important to continue to enforce the mass masking policy, together with the ongoing community education with an emphasis on the route of COVID-19 transmission and how correct face mask use can stop the spread. To ensure the effectiveness of face masks, there is an urgent need to educate the community regarding the procedures for cloth masks re-use.

Strategic responses to COVID-19: The case of tour operators in Vietnam

The COVID-19 outbreak has challenged the global tourism economy. It has particularly threatened the survival of tourism firms in developing countries especially those with the greatest growth of international visitors, such as Vietnam. This study aims to highlight the impact of COVID-19 on tour operators in Vietnam and explore their strategic responses to the crisis. Data were obtained from a recent survey initiated by the National Tourism Advisory Board and 32 in-depth interviews with managers of selected firms. The survey results demonstrate that the key influences of COVID-19 include plummeting revenue, increased costs, and employee redundancy. Furthermore, the majority of tour operators are aware of the need for restructuring and expect financial support from the government to overcome the crisis. The findings from the interviews reveal that tour operators focus more on short and medium-term strategies (i.e., retrenchment, persevering, and exiting) rather than long-term planning (i.e., innovating) in response to COVID-19. This study advances the knowledge and application of response-to-crisis strategies in tourism research, and its findings have practical implications for managers and policymakers in times of exceptional crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of acute and sub-chronic toxicity of camellia hakodae ninh leaves aqueous extracts in experimental animals

Camellia hakodae Ninh (CHN) is an ornamental plant of Vietnam, whose extracts is used as a potential phytotherapeutic beverage due to its good improvement in the immune system, reduction of inflammation and assisting the treatment of some chronic diseases. CHN production may be useful for health during this coronavirus epidemic period. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extracts of CHN leaf in mice. In the acute toxicity study, CHN leaf at doses from 24.0 to 120.0 g/kg/day was given to 5 groups of Swiss mice by oral administration (equivalent in humans is 0.2 to 10 g/kg/day). Mice were observed for general behavioral changes, adverse effects and mortality up to 7 days post-treatment to find the highest dose that did not kill mice (the dose of death 0% (LD0)), the lowest dose that completely killed the mice (the dose of death 100% (LD100)) and the intermediate doses (LD50). In sub-chronic toxicity studies, CHN was given orally to 2 groups of Wistar rats at doses of 2.8 and 14 g CHN/kg/day (equivalent in humans is 0.4 and 2 g/kg) for 28 days taking CHN daily. After 28 days of taking CHN, mice were operated to observe the whole organ for histopathology. The microscopic structure of the liver, spleen, and kidney of at least 30% of mice in each group was randomly checked. The acute toxicity study in all the doses used did not cause any significant change as no LD50 was found. In addition, the sub-chronic toxicity study did not show any treatment-related abnormalities with regard to hematological and biochemical parameters. These results demonstrated that the CHN leaf aqueous extract is safe and does not appear to exert toxicity.